The ethical case for taking on the climate crisis - Al Gore, Wanjira Mathai & Karenna Gore

应对气候危机的伦理依据——阿尔·戈尔、万吉拉·马泰、卡伦娜·戈尔

You're listening to TED Talks Daily where we bring you new ideas to spark your curiosity every day. I'm your host, Elise Hugh. We are living the effects of climate change and see evidence of it with more frequent and intensifying natural disasters. So why aren't we solving the climate crisis? In this special in-depth conversation from the TED Countdown House in Belem, Brazil during the 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference, otherwise known as COP30, Nobel laureate Al Gore spoke with Wanjira Mathai and Karenna Gore, who are leaders of the Global Ethical Stocktake – an urgent, values-first reset on climate action that seeks to center justice, phase out fossil fuels and elevate indigenous and Global South leadership. Discover the initiative that's making fossil fuel lobbyists squirm and climate veterans hopeful before the world moves on to COP31 next year.

欢迎收听TED Talks Daily，我们每天为您带来激发好奇的新思想。我是主持人Elise Hugh。我们正生活在气候变化的影响中，更频繁、更剧烈的自然灾害即是证明。那么，我们为何仍未解决气候危机？在2025年于巴西贝伦举行的联合国气候变化大会（又称COP30）期间，诺贝尔奖得主阿尔·戈尔在TED倒计时屋与万吉拉·马泰和卡伦娜·戈尔进行了这场特别的深度对话。她们是“全球伦理盘点”的领导者——这是一场紧急的、以价值观为先的气候行动重置，旨在以正义为核心、逐步淘汰化石燃料、并提升原住民和全球南方的领导力。在全球迈向明年COP31之前，来了解这项让化石燃料游说者坐立不安、却让气候领域老将们看到希望的倡议。

It's such an honor to be here with Wanjira and Karenna. I hope you can imagine what a pleasure it is for me to be here with Karenna, but also with Wanjira. We've known each other for so long. We're here to talk about the Global Ethical Stocktake. This is a new initiative at COP30 that frankly, in my view, somebody should have thought of a long time ago. Taking stock of how many barrels of oil and how many tons of coal – that's one thing. But taking stock of how we're doing on the spectrum of right versus wrong is really at the heart of the challenge that the world faces in attempting to solve the climate crisis. It is really a groundbreaking initiative and it took 28 COPs before the phrase "fossil fuel" was ever even mentioned. But now that it's been mentioned, the focus is really intensifying.

非常荣幸能与万吉拉和卡伦娜同台。希望你们能想象，与卡伦娜、当然还有万吉拉在此交谈，我有多么高兴。我们相识已久。我们在此讨论“全球伦理盘点”。这是COP30的一项新倡议，坦率地说，在我看来早就该有人想到它。盘点石油桶数和煤炭吨数是一回事，但评估我们在对错光谱上的表现，才是世界试图解决气候危机时面临挑战的核心。这确实是一项开创性的倡议，历经28届气候大会才首次提及“化石燃料”一词。而现在既然已经提及，关注度正急剧增加。

So Wanjira and Karenna, you two have served as co-conveners of the Global Ethical Stocktake, helping to gather input from Africa and North America respectively. So I'd like to start by asking you both, each one of you, for your perspective on what makes this Global Ethical Stocktake so important to the negotiations underway here in Belem. Wanjira, why don't you start?

那么，万吉拉和卡伦娜，你们两位担任了“全球伦理盘点”的联合召集人，分别帮助汇集了非洲和北美的意见。我想首先请你们两位，各自谈谈为何“全球伦理盘点”对正在贝伦进行的谈判如此重要。万吉拉，不如你先开始？

Thank you so much. The Global Ethical Stocktake in many ways in my mind is like a reset. Yesterday we were reminded by Laurence Tubiana that when the 1.5-degree statement was placed into the Paris Agreement, it was thanks to civil society. It was thanks to the people. And over time, people have become more and more peripheral. The technical has taken over, and it's time for a reset. In her wisdom, Marina Silva decided that this would be the COP. And let's remember, she was courageous to actually convene five stocktakes across the world. I think she attended most of them and centered justice in the process. Over a whole year she said that this will be the COP where the lens through which we see solutions will have to be ethical, and that we cannot address the climate crisis if we make ethical issues and values an afterthought. For me, that's everything. Because quoted in that is that we have to center people. We have to center indigenous people, local communities, those who are most affected. I'm starting to like the thought of the global majority – that the most impacted, a large majority of those who've done the least – that we cannot ignore that. And that also made us a lot fiercer about how we show up here. And let's also remember we are moving on to the G20 in South Africa, the very first time it's being held in Africa. They will not believe what will hit them just because we will be talking about this issue and centering it constantly.

非常感谢。在我看来，“全球伦理盘点”在许多方面就像一次重置。昨天，劳伦斯·图比亚娜提醒我们，当1.5度目标被写入《巴黎协定》时，这要归功于民间社会，归功于人民。但随着时间的推移，人们变得越来越边缘化。技术细节占据了主导，是时候重置了。凭借其智慧，玛丽娜·席尔瓦决定本届气候大会应以此为重点。我们要记住，她勇敢地在全球召集了五场盘点活动。她参与了其中大部分，并将正义置于核心。整整一年里，她表示本届大会审视解决方案的视角必须是伦理性的，如果我们把伦理问题和价值观当作事后才考虑的事，就无法应对气候危机。对我来说，这就是一切。因为这意味着我们必须以人为中心，以原住民、当地社区、受影响最严重的人为中心。我开始认同“全球大多数”这个概念——那些受影响最深、却承担责任最少的大多数——我们不能忽视这一点。这也让我们在这里的行动更加有力。我们还要记住，接下来将在南非举行G20峰会，这是首次在非洲举办。因为他们会不断听到我们讨论并聚焦这个问题，他们将难以相信即将面临什么。

Fantastic, well said. Karenna, well, thank you so much to TED Countdown House. I want to say that this is a great honor for me to be a part of the Global Ethical Stocktake. I am delighted to be here with my father. I'm so happy and honored to be in the company of Wanjira Mathai who's such a wonderful leader in the world. And I've learned a lot from you. Thank you. I am not a COP insider. I haven't been somebody that's been at all the COPs following every single move of it. I have been at the Center for Earth Ethics, which had our 10-year anniversary last year, and we draw from the world's faith and wisdom traditions to face the ecological crisis and we explore the moral and spiritual dimensions of climate. So when this was announced as an idea, the Global Ethical Stocktake, a great deal of excitement and I have to say that picking up on what each of you has said, it feels like the time is so ripe and this is the missing piece after 29 COPs. As you've said, we know what the problem is and we know what we need to do about it, but we don't necessarily from the data and the science and the technology know how to do that. And in order to know the how, we need to know the why.

说得好极了。卡伦娜，非常感谢TED倒计时屋。我想说，能参与“全球伦理盘点”是我莫大的荣幸。我很高兴能和父亲一起在这里。能陪伴万吉拉·马泰这样一位杰出的世界领袖，我感到无比快乐和荣幸。我从你身上学到了很多，谢谢。我并非气候大会的圈内人，我没有参与历届大会、追踪其每一步。我在地球伦理中心工作，去年我们庆祝了成立十周年。我们汲取世界各地的信仰和智慧传统来面对生态危机，并探索气候问题的道德与精神维度。因此，当“全球伦理盘点”作为一个构想被提出时，我非常兴奋。而且必须说，听了你们两位的发言，我感觉时机已经成熟，这正是历经29届气候大会后缺失的一环。正如你们所说，我们知道问题是什么，也知道需要做什么，但我们不一定能仅从数据、科学和技术中知道如何去做。而要知道如何做，我们需要知道为何做。

And it really strikes me that sometimes people lose faith in this process because it seems as if the why is about sustaining current systems that are very inequitable, that involve a hoarding of material wealth by the few, that involve a continued disassociation from the natural world that we evolved in – from our cultures, our communities, our deepest values. And so if through the Global Ethical Stocktake, we can really face not only the moral stakes in terms of the suffering and the death and the loss that actually will occur (some people complain that's doom), but in the lens of the Global Ethical Stocktake, we don't have to have that conversation: Is it doom? Is it optimism? Is it pessimism? It's just what the stakes are. It's doing a more holistic ethical stocktake: these choices will have consequences.

真正触动我的是，有时人们会对这个过程失去信心，因为其动机似乎是为了维持极度不公平的现有体系——涉及少数人囤积物质财富，涉及我们持续脱离我们进化于其中、植根于我们文化、社区和最深价值观的自然世界。因此，如果通过“全球伦理盘点”，我们不仅能真正面对即将发生的痛苦、死亡和损失所涉及的道德风险（有些人抱怨这是末日论调），而且在“全球伦理盘点”的视角下，我们不必进行那种讨论：这是末日吗？是乐观吗？是悲观吗？这仅仅是风险所在。它是在进行更全面的伦理盘点：这些选择将带来后果。

And I think that the other thing that we can do is look at issues of how one draws a circle of moral concern. It's one of the things that happens in ethics. You know, there's different types of ethics... professional ethics... so the way the circle of moral concern is drawn depends on who's doing the ethics and what the ethics are applied to. Applied to the whole Earth, we need to look at the fact that those who are most impacted by the climate crisis are simultaneously those that are least likely to have a say in the decisions that are being made and least likely to have caused the systems that are causing the harm. And so for those three – the poor and marginalized people of the world, future generations, all non-human life – we need to keep that present in the room. The Global Ethical Stocktake has done that. It does that. It shines that light constantly, even knowing that it's here. And so that makes a difference.

我认为我们能做的另一件事，是审视如何划定道德关切圈的问题。这是伦理学中常有的议题。你知道，有不同类型的伦理学……职业道德……所以道德关切圈的划定方式取决于谁在进行伦理思考以及将伦理应用于何处。应用于整个地球时，我们需要看到这样一个事实：受气候危机影响最严重的人，同时最不可能在正在做出的决策中有发言权，也最不可能是造成危害的体系的始作俑者。因此，对于这三者——世界上的穷人和边缘群体、子孙后代、所有非人类生命——我们需要让他们的存在在这个房间里被铭记。“全球伦理盘点”做到了这一点。它正在这样做。它持续地照亮这一点，即使明知其存在。这会产生影响。

And then we also have to ask about accountability. You know, at Union Theological Seminary where the Center for Ethics is based, there was a way in which people began classes when I first went there by saying: "Who are you? Accountable to say your name and who are you accountable to?" And at first I thought that was kind of off-putting but I understood it after a little while. It's actually very real. It explains something about your consciousness and presence. And so it was named early on that the fossil fuel industry's participation was a problem. And I think that drawing the circle of moral concern, understanding who people are accountable to with that type of transparency and connecting to our deepest values makes the Global Ethical Stocktake exactly the right platform for this moment. And I'm so happy to be a part of it.

然后我们还必须追问问责制。你知道，在伦理中心所在的协和神学院，我初到时，人们有一种开始上课的方式：他们会问：“你是谁？报上你的名字，你向谁负责？”起初我觉得这有点令人不快，但不久后我明白了。这实际上非常真实。它解释了你的意识和存在。因此，很早就有人指出化石燃料行业的参与是一个问题。我认为，划定道德关切圈，以那种透明度理解人们向谁负责，并连接到我们最深层的价值观，使得“全球伦理盘点”成为此刻绝对正确的平台。我很高兴能成为其中一员。

Thank you. Thank you very much. So, one of the groups that has been shortchanged... I don't know quite what the right word is... is the Global South. And Wanjira, you come from the Global South, you've been one of the most distinguished leaders in Africa for two decades. Africa has the fastest growing continent and it has 60% of the prime solar resources in the world. But gets only two percent of the climate finance that is allocated in the world. And that is part of the structures that you said, Karenna, some people are trying to keep in place, but really our objective is to be accountable to all the people of the earth, including future generations, including nonhuman life. So in the midst of this, Africa has been responding in its own energetic and unique way, and it's not always seen and understood in the rest of the world. As one of the great leaders in Africa, how has Africa been responding to this? And what could the rest of the world learn from the way Africa is now responding?

谢谢，非常感谢。那么，其中一个被亏待的群体……我不知道确切的词是什么……就是全球南方。万吉拉，你来自全球南方，二十年来一直是非洲最杰出的领袖之一。非洲是增长最快的大陆，拥有全球60%的优质太阳能资源，却只获得全球分配的气候资金的2%。卡伦娜，正如你所说，这是有些人试图维持的结构的一部分，但我们真正的目标是对地球上所有人负责，包括子孙后代，包括非人类生命。在此背景下，非洲一直以其充满活力和独特的方式回应，但这并不总是被世界其他地区看到和理解。作为非洲的伟大领袖之一，非洲是如何回应的？世界其他地区可以从非洲目前的应对方式中学到什么？

That's a really good question because we just came out of the Africa Climate Summit in Addis, a country that has made a conscious decision to phase out immediately fossil fuel vehicles. That is Ethiopia deciding that actually it's not because they are emitters because they're not, but it's because it makes economic sense. This is a country with 90% renewable energy in the grid. They said let's invest in the energy we have. The forces and the opportunities are aligned for Africa to leverage and leap into the future and not invest in the past because it makes more sense for us. And there you're seeing that happening in Ethiopia, you see countries and governments investing in local manufacturing, local opportunities to increase demand for renewable energy. This is all happening despite what others are saying. Actually it's in spite of any doom and gloom; they're so busy doing their hard work. And this is what's really important about the African story right now.

这是一个非常好的问题，因为我们刚刚结束了在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的非洲气候峰会，该国已 conscious 地决定立即淘汰化石燃料汽车。埃塞俄比亚做出这个决定，并非因为他们是排放者（他们不是），而是因为这在经济上合理。这是一个电网中90%为可再生能源的国家。他们说，让我们投资于我们拥有的能源。各种力量和机遇汇聚，让非洲能够借力并跃向未来，而不是投资于过去，因为这对我们来说更有意义。你在埃塞俄比亚正看到这种情况发生，你会看到各国和政府投资于本地制造业、本地机会，以增加对可再生能源的需求。尽管别人说三道四，这一切都在发生。实际上，尽管存在各种悲观论调；他们正忙于埋头苦干。这才是当前非洲叙事真正重要之处。

The common but differentiated responsibilities must remain and it was centered in the African Global Ethical Stocktake. But immediately after that was the opportunity to see Africa not as a challenge but at the hub and the center of solutions – that actually the world will not address the climate crisis without Africa unlocking its renewable energy resources. It's the critical minerals that are responsible for the renewable energy and the fastest and youngest growing workforce. These are the resources of the future. They will be the opportunities to decarbonize deeply. If we are honest with ourselves, to deeply decarbonize you will have to move some of these real industries – data centers – to places where there's 90% renewable energy. Those are the opportunities Africa is working on investing in and creating the political opportunity and sending political signals that that is the business we want to do – the business of the future and not the business of the past.

共同但有区别的责任必须保留，而这正是非洲全球伦理盘点的核心。但紧接着，就有了一个契机：不再将非洲视为挑战，而是视为解决方案的核心和中心——事实上，如果非洲不释放其可再生能源资源，世界将无法应对气候危机。非洲拥有可再生能源所需的关键矿物，以及增长最快、最年轻的劳动力。这些是未来的资源。它们将是深度脱碳的机遇。如果我们诚实面对自己，要实现深度脱碳，就必须将一些实体产业——如数据中心——转移到可再生能源占比达90%的地方。这些正是非洲正在努力投资、创造政治机会并发出政治信号的领域——表明这才是我们想做的生意，是未来的生意，而非过去的生意。

Fantastic. And the African leaders summits have been quite inspiring to me. Karenna introduced me to Reverend William Barber who often quotes a line from scripture in my faith tradition about the stone that was rejected by the builder, which then becomes the keystone in the new architect's design. Africa is now in a place where it might become one of the real leaders in the world. You mentioned Ethiopia and it is also making great progress. Zambia is making great progress. Nigeria, the biggest country in Africa, finally eliminated the subsidies for diesel and as a result the incredible boom in solar panels there is just startling the world. So, Karenna, you were telling me also you were at your Africa Stocktake. Tell me what happened at the end with Kumi Naidoo.

太棒了。非洲领导人峰会一直令我深受鼓舞。卡伦娜曾介绍我认识威廉·巴伯牧师，他常引用我信仰传统中圣经里的一句话，关于被匠人所弃的石头，后来成了新建筑师设计中的房角石。非洲现在正处于一个可能成为世界真正领导者之一的位置。你提到了埃塞俄比亚，它也在取得巨大进展。赞比亚正在取得巨大进展。非洲最大的国家尼日利亚终于取消了柴油补贴，结果那里的太阳能电池板热潮震惊了世界。那么，卡伦娜，你之前也告诉我你参加了非洲的盘点活动。告诉我最后和库米·奈杜发生了什么。

Well, you know, I liked this about the Africa Stocktake. It didn't spend a lot of time on what others must do for us. It spent a lot of time reminding people that Africa will not be defined by the deficits, but by what we can actually do for ourselves, but that there is an absolute moral obligation to decarbonize and phase out fossil fuels. So Kumi Naidoo – and everybody who knows him knows that he's now leading the Non-Proliferation Treaty – stood up and faced the C*P Presidency (because we had President [Marina] Silva there) and said if you as the C*P Presidency are serious, and here we are, the Global Ethical Stocktake, you must take this issue on head-on because the phase out of fossil fuels is non-negotiable.

嗯，你知道，我喜欢非洲盘点活动的这一点。它没有花太多时间讨论别人必须为我们做什么。它花了很多时间提醒人们，非洲不会被赤字所定义，而是被我们实际上能为自己做什么所定义，但同时，脱碳和淘汰化石燃料是绝对的道德义务。所以，库米·奈杜——认识他的人都知道他现在领导着《不扩散条约》——站起来直面气候大会主席团（因为玛丽娜·席尔瓦总统也在场），他说：如果你们作为气候大会主席是认真的，那么我们“全球伦理盘点”在此，你们必须正面应对这个问题，因为淘汰化石燃料是不可谈判的。

Karenna, you co-led the North American Ethical Stocktake, which comprises not just the United States but also Canada and Mexico, Greenland, Bermuda, some island nations. But the elephant in the room here at C*P30 is of course the US absence and the US departure from the Paris Agreement. The US is still the largest historic source. China will soon claim that title, but the US has a moral obligation to weigh in. What is your take now on how Americans are contending with the climate issue in the absence of any leadership from the US government?

卡伦娜，你共同领导了北美伦理盘点，其范围不仅包括美国，还有加拿大、墨西哥、格陵兰、百慕大和一些岛国。但C*P30房间里的大象当然是美国的缺席和美国退出《巴黎协定》。美国仍然是最大的历史排放源。中国很快将获得这个头衔，但美国有道义责任参与进来。对于在美国政府缺乏任何领导力的情况下，美国人如何应对气候问题，你现在怎么看？

Well, the United States of America is going through a moment. We all know ourselves, our friends. Sometimes people have those times they're just going through something and then hopefully come back stronger than ever. And I think that one thing I would name is that, and obviously it's so diverse to talk about what Americans are thinking is very difficult. But I would say that I sense so much dissonance in the United States of America that feels like it can't possibly continue forever. You know, dissonance between people's experience – we've had these heat waves and stronger storms and droughts and wildfires – and also people live with a lot of the pollution, of course, that is situated largely in low income communities and in communities of color. And that is a big part of the story. But by and large, it feels to me like many Americans are deeply unhappy with the lifestyle, with the culture, with the society. There's so much anxiety. And I would say of course that has socioeconomic dimensions to it and it's not fair, but it seems rather across the board honestly.

嗯，美利坚合众国正在经历一个阶段。我们都知道我们自己，我们的朋友。有时人们会经历一些事情，然后希望以更强大的姿态回归。我认为有一点可以指出，显然，谈论美国人的想法非常困难，因为其多样性。但我想说，我在美国感受到如此多的不和谐，感觉它不可能永远持续下去。你知道，人们的体验之间存在不和谐——我们经历了这些热浪、更强的风暴、干旱和野火——当然，人们还生活在大量污染中，这些污染主要集中在低收入社区和有色人种社区。这是故事的重要部分。但总的来说，我感觉许多美国人对生活方式、文化、社会深感不满。有太多的焦虑。当然，这有其社会经济维度，而且并不公平，但坦率地说，这似乎是普遍现象。

And I think that the dissonance is so stoked by our culture of distraction and screens and... it's not incidental to the climate crisis obviously that so often we're... I think the statistic is something like 90% of time indoors and then on that, much of it on screens and there's so much emphasis on consumerism and commodification of everything. And so I feel that the way in which Americans are processing this is about to change. Because the dissonance is not tenable in the long term. There's that saying darkest before dawn, things get so bad. There's a distillation of this idea of denial of the climate crisis, of an embrace of greed and selfishness and materialistic values and so on. And I think that in some way it's catalyzing something on a deeper level.

我认为这种不和谐被我们的分心文化和屏幕文化所加剧……这显然与气候危机并非无关，我们常常……我记得统计数据大概是90%的时间在室内，其中大部分时间在屏幕前，而且如此强调消费主义和一切事物的商品化。因此，我感觉美国人处理这个问题的方式即将改变。因为这种不和谐从长远来看是站不住脚的。有句话说黎明前最黑暗，事情会变得非常糟糕。这是否认气候危机、拥抱贪婪、自私和物质主义价值观等观念的集中体现。我认为在某种程度上，它正在催化更深层次的东西。

And I can... I'll stop there and just say the Global Ethical Stocktake was a really wonderful opportunity to look at. It was North America, as you say, it wasn't only in the United States of America but within the United States of America, we have a lot of deep legacies and lineages and heritage to work with and to dig deeper and define those voices that can represent from what the best that's happened in that country is – was such a pleasure and an honor. And so just to give an example, the environmental justice movement I mentioned before about the location of the toxic sites and where most people are experiencing the impacts. In 1991 there was the first National People of Color Conference on the Environment in Washington D.C. and it was convened by actually the United Church of Christ played a role in this and they had done this study in 1987 called "Toxic Waste and Race" which tracked and mapped. And this is where data is very important to this movement that was being dumped in mainly black and indigenous communities – toxic waste and the smokestacks and so on. So the 1991 conference came up with the 17 Principles of Environmental Justice.

我可以……我就此打住，只想说“全球伦理盘点”是一个非常棒的机会来审视这一切。正如你所说，是在北美，不仅是在美国国内，而且在美国国内，我们有许多深厚的遗产、谱系和传统可以挖掘，去更深入地定义那些能够代表这个国家最好一面的声音——这是一种愉悦和荣幸。举个例子，我之前提到的环境正义运动，关于有毒场所的位置以及大多数人遭受影响的地方。1991年，在华盛顿特区召开了第一次全国有色人种环境大会，实际上联合基督教会在这方面发挥了作用，他们在1987年进行了一项名为“有毒废物与种族”的研究，进行了追踪和绘图。数据对这个运动非常重要，这些废物主要被倾倒在黑人和原住民社区——有毒废物、烟囱等等。因此，1991年的会议提出了《环境正义17项原则》。

And right in talking to the people that were there and the leaders of the environmental justice movement in the United States which include Robert Bullard and Benjamin Chavis and Peggy Shepard and others, there was a realization that they all remembered, "Yeah, we went to Rio right after we went to Rio in 1992 and wasn't that amazing that all of the UNFCCC and all of these conferences started there?" And there were conversations they already knew about what we were talking about. The first principle of the 17 principles talks about Mother Earth, ecological unity of life. You know, it is about justice and fairness and it's also about an expanded consciousness of where we are, of the reality that we're living in on this living planet.

在与当时在场的人们以及美国环境正义运动的领袖们（包括罗伯特·布拉德、本杰明·查维斯、佩吉·谢泼德等）交谈时，我们发现他们都记得：“是的，我们在1992年去了里约热内卢，之后又去了里约，难道不神奇吗？《联合国气候变化框架公约》和所有这些会议都是从那里开始的？”他们已经有过我们正在讨论的这些对话。17项原则中的第一项就谈到地球母亲、生命的生态统一。你知道，这关乎正义与公平，也关乎对我们所处位置、对我们在这个有生命的星球上所生活的现实的扩展认知。

So to have the voices from – and some in the official and some of the self-organized – from this, the environmental justice movement in the United States that comes from a deep place. It's very American and it's not just about the face that we're showing to the world on the biggest stage right now. It's about the depth. And I think I'd also like to mention too we were able to open with the Haudenosaunee, better known as the Iroquois, Thanksgiving Address which is often called "the words before all else." We had Sophia Palace, an Onondaga young woman, give this address and this is ancient from a culture that is indigenous to that region and was very influential actually on the founding of the United States in many ways.

因此，能够听到来自——有些是官方的，有些是自组织的——美国环境正义运动深处的声音。这是非常美国式的，不仅仅关乎我们现在在世界最大舞台上展示的面孔。它关乎深度。我还想提一下，我们能够以豪德诺索尼（更广为人知的名字是易洛魁）的感恩致辞开场，这通常被称为“万语之先”。我们请奥农达加族的年轻女性索菲亚·帕莱斯做了这个致辞，这源自该地区原住民文化的古老传统，实际上对美国的建国在许多方面产生了很大影响。

So some of the key things, perhaps that made their way into the US Constitution – checks and balances, for example, the three branches that came from the Haudenosaunee Confederacy of the Six Nations of the Iroquois. But they will say that we left out. This is what Haudenosaunee people would say: we left out two things, we left out nature and women. Yeah, exactly. So we opened the Global Ethical Stocktake North America with the Thanksgiving Address with Sophia Palace and what it is, it's acknowledging and thanking all of the beings of the natural world: the winds, the sun, the waters, the berries, the fish, the birds. I mean, I'm sorry, forgive me for paraphrasing this way. I'm just trying to communicate it quickly. Please don't mean to be disrespectful, but just to convey that this is the consciousness that we lack.

所以，一些关键的东西，或许已经融入了美国宪法——例如制衡原则，来自易洛魁六族联盟的三权分立。但他们会说我们遗漏了。豪德诺索尼人会这样说：我们遗漏了两样东西，我们遗漏了自然和女性。是的，没错。所以我们以索菲亚·帕莱斯的感恩致辞开启了北美“全球伦理盘点”，它的内容是承认并感谢自然界的所有存在：风、太阳、水、浆果、鱼、鸟。我的意思是，抱歉，请原谅我这样转述。我只是想快速传达。绝无不敬之意，只是想传达这是我们缺乏的那种意识。

And you've seen with this, you know, I don't want to call it a trend. I think there's something quite serious and heartfelt about it with land acknowledgments, which are very, very important. And I've always felt that there's something in there of that yearning. You know, it is about what was unfair in the past and who did something wrong and the loss that hasn't been acknowledged in the pain, but it's also about the land actually, where we are.

你已经看到了这一点，你知道，我不想称其为一种趋势。我认为土地承认是非常非常严肃和发自内心的，非常重要。我一直觉得其中蕴含着某种渴望。你知道，这关乎过去的不公、谁做错了事、以及在痛苦中未被承认的损失，但这也关乎我们实际上所在的土地。

So to begin with that Thanksgiving Address, to have a moderator who was Taíno – the first people to encounter Christopher Columbus – there's a lot of Taíno-rooted people in New York City because they're Puerto Ricans. And so anyway, I'm saying these broad brush strokes. But I just want to say, you know, as an American growing up the way I did, which was a little bit vicarious campaign trail politics, so was exposed to the political culture, the electoral process, very much with an extremely idealistic view of who we are as Americans. And, you know, it's at a certain point and this is before this current administration, I had this realization through education of various kinds, not just in higher institution education places but in life, that I grew up thinking, gosh, we're so great as Americans because we threw off the colonizers, you know, we got rid of colonization. It's so great. That's who we are. And then at some point, I was like, wait a minute, we are the colonizers. Uh oh.

所以，以那个感恩致辞开始，主持人是一位泰诺族人——他们是第一个遇到克里斯托弗·哥伦布的人——在纽约市有很多泰诺族血统的人，因为他们是波多黎各人。不管怎样，我只是粗略地描述。但我只想说，你知道，作为一个像我这样长大的美国人，有点像是间接经历了竞选政治，因此接触了政治文化、选举过程，对美国人的身份抱有极其理想化的看法。而且，你知道，在某个时刻——这早于当前政府——我通过各种教育，不仅是在高等教育机构，还有在生活中，逐渐意识到：我从小以为，天哪，我们美国人太伟大了，因为我们摆脱了殖民者，我们摆脱了殖民。这太棒了。这就是我们。然后在某个时刻，我想，等等，我们就是殖民者。哦，糟糕。

And the complexities of that are of the essence of a Global Ethical Stocktake. It's not that simple. And to be able to look internally and then to be able to use this modality of this Global Ethical Stocktake – what they call it, the 'balanço', the balance. I love how they call that in Portuguese. You don't need to feel guilty and shame and all of that, primarily just demonstrate the other way, walk the other way. And I think that's what we're being given the chance to do.

而这种复杂性正是“全球伦理盘点”的精髓。事情没那么简单。能够向内审视，然后能够运用“全球伦理盘点”这种方式——他们称之为“balanço”，即平衡。我喜欢葡萄牙语中这个说法。你不需要感到内疚和羞愧等等，主要是展示另一种方式，走另一条路。我认为这正是我们被给予机会去做的事情。

Colonization has come up. Yes, one of the many legacies that complicates our path forward now is the history of colonization in Africa. Some of the long running conflicts in Africa really were not there prior to colonization when different groups were pitted against one another. Is that still an important legacy that must be addressed in Africa?

殖民问题被提出来了。是的，使我们前进道路复杂化的众多遗留问题之一，就是非洲的殖民历史。非洲一些长期存在的冲突，在殖民之前，当不同群体相互对立时，其实并不存在。这仍然是非洲必须解决的重要遗留问题吗？

You know, it's so interesting because I think my mother's generation obsessed more about colonization than my generation. And it's interesting to see that because we are turning our eyes and our demands for responsibility on the leadership because our governance systems are responsible for the next phase. It is to them that power was handed. We remind them. And a lot of what we struggle with today is not thanks always to colonization alone. The foundations may have been set, and they were. But we have leaders who have continued the legacy of exploitation. We have leaders who have continued to exclude and to impoverish by enriching themselves. We're calling them out.

你知道，这很有趣，因为我认为我母亲那一代比我这一代更纠结于殖民问题。看到这一点很有趣，因为我们正将目光和责任要求转向领导层，因为我们的治理体系对下一阶段负有责任。权力是交给他们的。我们提醒他们。我们今天面临的许多困境，并不总是仅仅归咎于殖民。基础可能已经奠定，确实如此。但我们有领导人延续了剥削的传统。我们有领导人继续通过使自己致富来排斥他人、使他人贫困。我们正在点名批评他们。

I don't know how many people know that a country like Kenya, the average age of Kenyans today is 19 years old. Wow. 80% are under the age of 35. They have no time to agonize about what may have happened. They're looking into the future and they are holding governments accountable. We have young people who have lost their lives challenging governance systems and saying no, we shall not be exploited by our own people. So I think that the current obsession is on leadership. We don't have much time, we've got to transform economically. We cannot adapt against poverty, and poverty is the number one SDG for a reason. We've got to focus on ensuring that people are not the hungriest and the poorest and facing the most dramatic impacts of climate change when you are on the edge. It doesn't matter what sort of help comes, you're on the edge. And so I think it is a completely different conversation than we've had in the past. Because when you have young people who are looking for jobs today who are looking at their leaders and saying you have the keys, how come it's still this way? So there's a bit of a different conversation, yeah.

我不知道有多少人知道，像肯尼亚这样的国家，今天肯尼亚人的平均年龄是19岁。哇。80%的人在35*以下。他们没有时间纠结于可能发生过什么。他们展望未来，并要求政府负责。我们有年轻人在挑战治理体系时失去了生命，他们说，不，我们不应被自己人剥削。所以我认为当前的焦点是领导力。我们没有太多时间了，我们必须进行经济转型。我们无法在贫困中适应，贫困是可持续发展目标的首要目标，这是有原因的。我们必须集中精力确保人们不是最饥饿、最贫穷的，并且当你处于边缘时，不会面临气候变化最剧烈的影响。无论得到何种帮助，你仍处于边缘。所以我认为这与我们过去的对话完全不同。因为当今天找工作的年轻人看着他们的领导人说你们手握钥匙，怎么会还是这样？所以对话有些不同了，是的。

But if I could persist a little bit on the word colonization, some of our mutual friends who are activists in Africa use the phrase "fossil fuel colonialism." With... I mean in the developing world as a whole, 100% of the increased global warming pollution emissions in the years ahead will be from developing countries, yet developing countries only get 18% of the finance for the green revolution and yet they get almost half of the finance for building yet more fossil fuel facilities and the resource curse that Nigeria and many other nations in Africa have suffered. So the global system for allocating capital still has a legacy from an earlier era, and is that now changing in Africa?

但如果我能再坚持谈一下“殖民”这个词，我们在非洲的一些同为活动家的朋友使用了“化石燃料殖民*义”这个说法。我的意思是，在整个发展中国家，未来几年全球变暖污染排放的增加将100%来自发展中国家，然而发展中国家只获得绿色革命融资的18%，却获得近一半的资金用于建设更多的化石燃料设施，以及尼日利亚和非洲许多其他国家所遭受的资源诅咒。所以，全球资本配置体系仍然带有早期时代的遗留问题，这种情况在非洲现在正在改变吗？

I would say, you know, we then are using neo-colonialism to define some of these new structures that have borrowed the patterns of exploitation, patterns of exclusion. And definitely the fossil fuel industry is one because we know we have 60% of the world's best solar potential. Why not invest in that? Like you said, two percent of investments in solar, why? I called my friend who is a negotiator for Botswana here on loss and damage and I said I'm going to be speaking about global ethical issues. How are we doing on the loss and damage fund, especially given the realities of the storms that we've seen – horrific – Jamaica 30% of their GDP wiped out in that storm. We couldn't possibly be waiting for more evidence that the loss and damage fund needs investment. She wrote back that it has less than one percent of what's needed. That is the injustice we've got to be addressing – that is the neo-colonialism – because wherever those funds are being... because we're told the resources are there, but they're clearly not going where they need to go. And those are the real issues that are being centered here by the Global Ethical Stocktake. And that's the colonialism if you want to use that word. But we have to distinguish it and say it's new because it's these new forms that are being inspired by the patterns of extraction and exclusion.

我想说，你知道，我们正在用新殖民*义来定义一些借用了剥削模式、排斥模式的新结构。化石燃料工业肯定是其中之一，因为我们知道我们拥有全球60%的最佳太阳能潜力。为什么不投资于此？就像你说的，太阳能投资只占2%，为什么？我打电话给我在这里负责损失和损害谈判的博茨瓦纳朋友，我说我将谈论全球伦理问题。我们的损失和损害基金情况如何？特别是考虑到我们目睹的风暴现实——太可怕了——牙买加30%的GDP在那场风暴中被摧毁。我们不可能再等待更多证据来证明损失和损害基金需要投资。她回复说，它连所需资金的1%都不到。这就是我们必须解决的不公正——这就是新殖民*义——因为这些资金无论流向何处……因为我们被告知资源就在那里，但它们显然没有流向需要的地方。这些正是“全球伦理盘点”在此聚焦的真正问题。如果你愿意用那个词，那就是殖民*义。但我们必须加以区分，说它是新的，因为它是这些受榨取和排斥模式启发的新形式。

So the money that's needed for the sustainability transition is sometimes the focus is on government-to-government aid. But in reality, if you look at last year, 93% of all the new electricity generation installed worldwide was solar and wind and renewables, but it's unevenly distributed. And where did the money come from for that? By the way, 75% of the money came from private investors. But most of that went to the rich countries and not to the developing countries where it's most needed. The emissions reduction that can come from building new solar and wind and batteries and EVs, etc., in developing countries reduces emissions. There are three times as many opportunities there. And I know that out of the Global Ethical Stocktake, partly from Africa, partly from North America, came this number one priority that I've heard Marina emphasize, which is let's get back to the priority of phasing out fossil fuels. And this has come up in the North American Stocktake as well. How do we do that? How can a focus on the difference between right and wrong, a focus on the ethics of the decisions we're making, help us get there?

因此，可持续发展转型所需的资金有时聚焦于政府间援助。但实际上，如果你看去年，全球新增发电量的93%是太阳能、风能和可再生能源，但分布不均。这些资金从哪里来？顺便说一下，75%的资金来自私人投资者。但其中大部分流向了富裕国家，而不是最需要它们的发展中国家。在发展中国家建设新的太阳能、风能、电池和电动汽车等所能带来的减排，能减少排放。那里的机会是三倍的。而且我知道，从“全球伦理盘点”——部分来自非洲，部分来自北美——产生了这个首要任务，我听玛丽娜强调过，那就是让我们回到淘汰化石燃料的优先事项上。这也出现在北美盘点中。我们如何做到？关注对错之间的区别，关注我们所做决策的伦理，如何帮助我们实现目标？

Well, I think it is helping us. Ida B. Wells said the way to right wrongs is to shine the light of truth upon them. And I do sense that even the fact that this light is shining is making a difference. I mean, we know there are a lot of fossil fuel lobbyists at this C*P, more than ever, I'm told. So that hasn't changed. But I do think that knowing that there is an ethical lens is itself has an effect. And I would say that, you know, yes, ethics is essentially the difference between right and wrong and the implications for our behavior as individuals and collectives. And it is most powerful when there is a deeply felt and more and more widely shared sense of right and wrong that's out of step with both laws and social norms.

嗯，我认为它正在帮助我们。艾达·B·威尔斯说过，纠正错误的方法是用真理之光去照亮它们。我确实感觉到，即使只是这束光在照耀这个事实，也在产生影响。我的意思是，我们知道这次气候大会上有很多化石燃料游说者，据说比以往任何时候都多。所以这一点没有改变。但我确实认为，知道存在一个伦理视角本身就有影响。我想说，是的，伦理本质上是对错之分，以及对个人和集体行为的影响。当存在一种深切感受且日益广泛分享的对错观，与法律和社会规范都不合拍时，它的力量最为强大。

And most – if I could interrupt briefly – Karenna has become one of my principal teachers by the way, over the last 10 years that she's been doing this. And so when you look at just... I'm sorry to interrupt you, but this difference between the general understanding of right and wrong as it has evolved and the difference between that and what the laws and policies tell us is right and wrong. We saw that in the civil rights movement. We saw that in anti-apartheid and now we're seeing it in the climate issue.

而且，大多数——如果我能简短地打断一下——顺便说一句，卡伦娜在过去的十年里已经成为我的主要老师之一，她一直在做这件事。所以当你看……抱歉打断你，但这是不断演变的一般对错观，与法律和政策告诉我们的对错之间的差异。我们在民权运动中看到了这一点。我们在反种族隔离中看到了，现在我们在气候问题中也看到了。

Yeah, so one of the things that we have to face up to is that most of what is causing the climate crisis is perfectly legal and even socially encouraged, right? So financially subsidized. And financially subsidized is a reflection of those things. So it's not... It's also important. I think there's a concept from ethics that I think is useful here from structural evil. This woman, Cynthia Moe-Lobeda, who is at Union Theological Seminary drawing on the work of – sorry to be so academic – of Dietrich Bonhoeffer who was at Union and he actually went back to his native Germany to oppose Hitler back during the Third Reich and was executed by the Nazis. He has some moral authority as well as having been this theologian. And so she talks about the elements of structural evil. One of the key characteristics is that it easily masquerades as good.

是的，所以我们必须面对的事情之一是，导致气候危机的大部分行为是完全合法的，甚至在社交上是受鼓励的，对吧？所以在财政上得到补贴。财政补贴就是这些事情的反映。所以这不是……这也很重要。我认为伦理学中有一个关于结构性邪恶的概念在这里很有用。这位女士，辛西娅·莫-洛贝达，在协和神学院，借鉴了——抱歉说得这么学术——迪特里希·潘霍华的工作，潘霍华也在协和，他实际上在第三帝国时期回到祖国德国反对希特勒，被纳粹处决。他有一定的道德权威，也是位神学家。所以她谈到结构性邪恶的要素。其中一个关键特征是它很容易伪装成善。

So when you look at why fossil fuel development continues to be in there, it's because they make a moral claim. They don't abandon the idea of moral claim. They say it's for development, it's for ending energy poverty. It's for... And this is so dissonant with the facts that as we know them that we have the renewable energy capability. People have worked very hard, including yourself on getting that financing, getting that technology up to speed and so on. So it's becoming untenable to make that false moral claim that somehow this fossil fuel development and continuing that is going to be good for the world, but they're still trying and which makes the Global Ethical Stocktake all the more important.

所以，当你看到为什么化石燃料开发仍在继续时，是因为他们提出了道德主张。他们并没有放弃道德主张的想法。他们说这是为了发展，是为了终结能源贫困。这是为了……但这与我们所知的、我们拥有可再生能源能力的事实如此不协调。人们非常努力地工作，包括你自己在获取融资、加快技术发展等方面。因此，做出那种错误的道德主张——即这种化石燃料开发及其持续对世界有益——正变得站不住脚，但他们仍在尝试，这使得“全球伦理盘点”更加重要。

So I think that bringing this lens and bringing this modality and as it came up I can say in the North America dialogue, it came up in several ways. One of the ways it did was that Robert Bullard, who was from, as I said in the environmental justice movement, who was in that 17 principles, the very last thing he said in his thing, he said just basically stop the fossil fuels. He said that this is really the main thing to do. And it came up in the idea of fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty from Severn Cullis-Suzuki. It came up from David Suzuki and Fletcher Harper to get rid of the lobbyists in the C*P, but it came up in many ways.

所以我认为，引入这个视角和这种方式，正如我在北美对话中所说，它以多种方式出现。其中一种方式是罗伯特·布拉德，如我所说，他来自环境正义运动，参与了那17项原则，他在发言中最后说，基本上就是停止使用化石燃料。他说这确实是主要该做的事。它还出现在塞文·卡利斯-铃木提出的化石燃料不扩散条约的构想中。大卫·铃木和弗莱彻·哈珀也提出要清除气候大会中的游说者，它以多种方式被提出。

So there's no way with the President of the C*P sitting there and in the leadership. And also Selwin Hart, the representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who we should acknowledge, António Guterres has been a voice of moral clarity for so... really, I think an extraordinary leader. Yes, he was represented by Selwin Hart. He said look, fossil fuel companies are making record profits right now. It's not as if they're just doing all right financially. I mean, it's actually morally obscene. And so there has to be a way in which it's human perception that needs to change. And to do that we have to look at what drives human perception and that is values. It is the way we communicate. You know, there's so many aspects of this stocktake, we just started it. So we're just learning how to do it. But it's also drawing from the deepest impulses and wells of human wisdom and culture.

所以，气候大会主席和领导层在场的情况下，这是不可避免的。还有联合国的秘书长代表塞尔温·哈特，我们应该承认，安东尼奥·古特雷斯一直是一个道德上清晰的声音……真的，我认为他是一位非凡的领导者。是的，他的代表是塞尔温·哈特。他说，看，化石燃料公司现在正在创造创纪录的利润。这不仅仅是它们在财务上还行。我的意思是，这在道德上实际上是令人反感的。因此，必须有某种方式改变人类的认知。为此，我们必须审视是什么驱动了人类的认知，那就是价值观。是我们沟通的方式。你知道，这个盘点有很多方面，我们才刚刚开始。所以我们还在学习如何做。但它也汲取了人类智慧和文化最深层的冲动和源泉。

So when you invite those people in, indigenous peoples, faith leaders, you know, people that are poets and musicians, people really know how to do this. It's a kind of a different skill set than data science, you know, and we as a human species deserve and we owe each other and future generations all of what human intelligence has to offer. You know, it really is as if the intelligence of our species is on trial right now and we aren't going to make it unless we draw from those other forms of intelligence. And this is also a way to do that.

所以，当你邀请那些人——原住民、信仰领袖、诗人、音乐家——人们真的知道如何做这件事。这是一种不同于数据科学的技能组合，你知道，我们人类物种值得拥有，我们彼此之间以及对子孙后代，都亏欠人类智慧所能提供的一切。你知道，这真的就像我们物种的智慧正在受审，除非我们汲取其他形式的智慧，否则我们将无法成功。这也是实现这一目标的一种方式。

So in the ethical stocktake, how do we best understand the truth about the impacts of this systemic crisis? And I want to turn to you, Wanjira, because Africa is suffering so many of the impacts of the climate crisis in your native Kenya. I was struck by the fact that there are three hundred thousand refugees already in tent camps in Kenya, some from the civil violence in Sudan and the Horn of Africa, which itself has been driven by the droughts and the food access crisis. The climate crisis has worsened, but the projections of temperature increases and humidity increases, that may make more areas physiologically unlivable. How do we best understand the way to deal with those impacts? I'm sure you're hearing it from your fellow Kenyans and as an African leader for the whole continent, you're seeing it all over Africa.

那么，在伦理盘点中，我们如何最好地理解这场系统性危机影响的真相？我想转向你，万吉拉，因为非洲，特别是你的祖国肯尼亚，正遭受着气候危机的诸多影响。令我震惊的是，肯尼亚的帐篷营地中已有三十万难民，有些来自苏丹和非洲之角的内乱，而内乱本身是由干旱和粮食获取危机驱动的。气候危机已经恶化，而气温和湿度上升的预测，可能使更多地区在生理上无法居住。我们如何最好地理解应对这些影响的方法？我相信你从肯尼亚同胞那里听到了，作为整个非洲大陆的非洲领袖，你在整个非洲都看到了。

Absolutely. In fact, that was a really strong feature of the African Stocktake: the fact that African science and African-led science and knowledge, indigenous knowledge and indigenous wisdom is called upon right now. Why? Because food systems that were resilient to some of the worst and most deepest extremes of climate are the ones that will see us through as the food basket gets more challenged. We have supply chains that are coming from so far away when we already know that we have food systems locally that dealt with extreme events, food systems that helped water systems recover, and trees and vegetation and restoration methodologies that were used to restore landscapes. We had cultural traditions that were about caring for each other in times of difficulty. Those are the ones that were centered by a lot of the leaders who are local community leaders, women like Hindu women like Cecilia Bett, who are mobilizing women to rediscover orphaned crops and often foods, traditional methods of cooking and processing, foods that don't rely on modern technology. These are the real investments in resilience that we are seeing at the local level because you know one of the most important things is the climate crisis ultimately is local and the solutions that will make a difference are local too. So we are really looking at that and those were centered.

绝对如此。事实上，这正是非洲盘点的突出特点：非洲科学、非洲主导的科学与知识、本土知识和本土智慧此刻正被召唤。为什么？因为能够适应一些最恶劣、最极端气候的粮食系统，将在粮仓面临更大挑战时帮助我们渡过难关。我们的供应链来自遥远的地方，而我们早已知道，我们有本地的粮食系统来应对极端事件，有能帮助水系恢复的粮食系统，以及用于恢复景观的树木、植被和修复方法。我们有在困难时期互相照顾的文化传统。这些正是许多领导者——他们是当地社区领袖，像塞西莉亚·贝特这样的印度教妇女——所关注的，她们动员妇女重新发现被遗弃的作物和传统食物、传统的烹饪和加工方法，以及不依赖现代技术的食物。这些是我们在地方层面看到的对韧性的真正投资，因为你知道最重要的一点是，气候危机最终是地方性的，能产生影响的解决方案也是地方性的。所以我们真正关注这些，并将它们置于中心。

One of the women who spoke from Zambia said we actually have 90% of the investments in science on Africa, and not by African scientists. Investing in science, African science, but not by African scientists. So investing in local knowledge, local knowledge systems is one of the biggest outcomes of the values we need to center.

一位来自赞比亚的女性发言者说，实际上，我们在非洲科学上的投资有90%并非由非洲科学家进行。投资于科学，非洲科学，但不是由非洲科学家进行。所以，投资于本土知识、本土知识体系，是我们需要关注的核心价值观带来的最大成果之一。

Your mother Wangari, who I had the privilege of knowing as a dear friend, is known for planting trees and the Green Belt Movement and you have brilliantly led that movement onward. But she's also been known for promoting the use of local seed varieties in village gardens to rely on plant varieties that have stood the test of time that are well adapted to each particular region and she taught mainly women but all the villagers to create a sustainable food supply there. But now in Kenya, as in many places around the world, the large seed companies like... I can't remember the exact percentage... more than two thirds of all the seeds are controlled by three companies and these laws have been passed that actually now make it illegal to save the seeds that the villagers have been relying on. And I understand the reasons for it and the old way of thinking decades ago was, well, the green revolution has really helped to fight hunger and there's a lot of truth to that. But with the climate crisis worsening, the food challenges, these local seed varieties become even more valuable, first of all Kenya. But how is Africa dealing with this?

你的母亲旺加里，我有幸与她成为挚友，她以植树和绿带运动闻名，而你出色地领导着这项运动继续前进。她也以在村庄园圃中推广使用当地种子品种而闻名，依赖那些经得起时间考验、非常适应每个特定地区的植物品种，她主要教导妇女，但也教导所有村民在那里建立可持续的食物供应。但现在在肯尼亚，就像世界上许多地方一样，大型种子公司……我记不清确切百分比……超过三分之二的种子被三家公司控制，而且已经通过了法律，实际上现在保存村民一直依赖的种子是违法的。我理解其中的原因，几十年前的旧思维方式是，绿色革命确实有助于对抗饥饿，这有很多道理。但随着气候危机恶化，粮食挑战加剧，这些本地种子品种变得更有价值，首先是肯尼亚。但非洲是如何应对的？

But that's also why we had the Africa Foods and Seeds Sovereignty Alliance centered at the Ethical Stocktake, because this is a very serious issue. You know, the wisdom, the genius of the Green Belt Movement was really not even to teach women – women already knew. It's to remind them that their wisdom is actually incredibly important for this moment, that do not allow anybody to come and tell you that this is other than the best technology in the world. That was the genius of the movement. It was reminding us to invest in our own seed systems, that sharing seed from one farmer to the other was the only way to get the best possible seed.

但这也是为什么我们在伦理盘点中设立了非洲粮食与种子主权联盟中心，因为这是一个非常严重的问题。你知道，绿带运动的智慧、其天才之处甚至不是去教导妇女——妇女们已经知道。而是提醒她们，她们的智慧此刻实际上至关重要，不要让任何人来告诉你这不是世界上最好的技术。这就是这场运动的天才之处。它提醒我们投资于我们自己的种子系统，农民之间分享种子是获得最佳种子的唯一途径。

You know, I remember when my mother was asked by the Ministry of Environment, how could women who have no diplomas be planting trees? You need a diploma to plant a tree. And she said you don't need a diploma. Then she said you can call my women "foresters without diplomas." Because they were generating better quality planting material than the forest department was. Why? Because they look at the trees and the ones they like, the best ones, they invest, they pick the seeds, they plant them, they have 100% germination. The ones that came from the government center, 60% they don't germinate at all sometimes. And these foresters without diplomas who were the heart of a movement that now has deep confidence and is fighting that very policy that farmers cannot share seed. So no, we had that. We have an army of people and farmers who are refusing to be convinced that some seed from somewhere else is better than the one they know.

你知道，我记得当我母亲被环境部问到时，没有文凭的妇女怎么能种树？种树需要文凭。她说你不需要文凭。然后她说你可以称我的妇女为“没有文凭的护林员”。因为她们生产的种植材料质量比林业部门更好。为什么？因为她们观察树木，选择她们喜欢的、最好的那些，她们投资，挑选种子，种植，发芽率达到100%。那些来自政府中心的种子，有时60%根本不发芽。而这些没有文凭的护林员是这场运动的核心，现在她们充满信心，正在与农民不能分享种子的政策作斗争。所以，不，我们做到了。我们有一支由人和农民组成的大军，他们拒绝相信来自别处的某